Pope St. Leo III
Date of birth unknown; died 816. He was elected on the very day his predecessor
was buried (26 Dec., 795), and consecrated on the following day. It is quite
possible that this haste may have been due to a desire on the part of the
Romans to anticipate any interference of the Franks with their freedom of
election. Leo was a Roman, the son of Atyuppius and Elizabeth. At the time of
his election he was Cardinal-Priest of St. Susanna, and seemingly also
vestiarius, or chief of the pontifical treasury, or wardrobe. With the letter informing
Charlemagne that he had been unanimously elected pope, Leo sent him the
keys of the confession of St. Peter, and the standard of the city. This he did to
show that he regarded the Frankish king as the protector of the Holy See. In
return he received from Charlemagne letters of congratulation and a great part of
the treasure which the king had captured from the Avars. The acquisition of this
wealth was one of the causes which enabled Leo to be such a great benefactor
to the churches and charitable institutions of Rome.
Prompted by jealousy or ambition, or by feelings of hatred and revenge, a number
of the relatives of Pope Adrian I formed a plot to render Leo unfit to hold his
sacred office. On the occasion of the procession of the Greater Litanies (25 April,
799), when the pope was making his way towards the Flaminian Gate, he was
suddenly attacked by a body of armed men. He was dashed to the ground, and
an effort was made to root out his tongue and tear out his eyes. After he had
been left for a time bleeding in the street, he was hurried off at night to the
monastery of St. Erasmus on the Cœ;lian. There, in what seemed quite a
miraculous manner, he recovered the full use of his eyes and tongue. Escaping
from the monastery, he betook himself to Charlemagne, accompanied by many
of the Romans. He was received by the Frankish king with the greatest honour at
Paderborn, although his enemies had filled the king's ears with malicious
accusations against him. After a few months' stay in Germany, the Frankish
monarch caused him to be escorted back to Rome, where he was received with
every demonstration of joy by the whole populace, natives and foreigners. The
pope's enemies were then tried by Charlemagne's envoys and, being unable to
establish either Leo's guilt or their own innocence, were sent as prisoners to
France (Frankland). In the following year (800) Charlemagne himself came to
Rome, and the pope and his accusers were brought face to face. The assembled
bishops declared that they had no right to judge the pope; but Leo of his own free
will, in order, as he said, to dissipate any suspicions in men's minds, declared
on oath that he was wholly guiltless of the charges which had been brought
against him. At his special request the death sentence which had been passed
upon his principal enemies was commuted into a sentence of exile.
A few days later, Leo and Charlemagne again met. It was on Christmas Day in
St. Peter's. After the Gospel had been sung, the pope approached Charlemagne,
who was kneeling before the Confession of St. Peter, and placed a crown upon
his head. The assembled multitude at once made the basilica ring with the
shout: "To Charles, the most pious Augustus, crowned by God, to our great and
pacific emperor life and victory!" By this act was revived the Empire in the West,
and, in theory, at least, the world was declared by the Church subject to one
temporal head, as Christ had made it subject to one spiritual head. It was
understood that the first duty of the new emperor was to be the protector of the
Roman Church and of Christendom against the heathen. With a view to
combining the East and West under the effective rule of Charlemagne, Leo strove
to further the project of a marriage between him and the Eastern empress Irene.
Her deposition, however (801), prevented the realization of this excellent plan.
Some three years after the departure of Charlemagne from Rome (801), Leo
again crossed the Alps to see him (804). According to some he went to discuss
with the emperor the division of his territories between his sons. At any rate, two
years later, he was invited to give his assent to the emperor's provisions for the
said partition. Equally while acting in harmony with the pope, Charlemagne
combatted the heresy of Adoptionism which had arisen in Spain; but he went
somewhat further than his spiritual guide when he wished to bring about the
general insertion of the Filioque in the Nicene Creed. The two were, however,
acting together when Salzburg was made the metropolitical city for Bavaria, and
when Fortunatus of Grado was compensated for the loss of his see of Grado by
the gift of that of Pola. The joint action of the pope and the emperor was felt even
in England. Through it Eardulf of Northumbria recovered his kingdom, and the
dispute between Eanbald, Archbishop of York, and Wulfred, Archbishop of
Canterbury, was regulated.
Leo had, however, many relations with England solely on his own account. By
his command the synod of Beccanceld (or Clovesho, 803), condemned the
appointing of laymen as superiors of monasteries. In accordance with the wishes
of Ethelheard, Archbishop of Canterbury, Leo excommunicated Eadbert Praen for
seizing the throne of Kent, and withdrew the pallium which had been granted to
Litchfield, authorizing the restoration of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the See
of Canterbury "just as St. Gregory the Apostle and Master of the nation of the
English had arranged it". Leo was also called upon to intervene in the quarrels
between Archbishop Wulfred and Cenulf, King of Mercia. Very little is known of
the real causes of the misunderstandings between them, but, whoever was the
more to blame, the archbishop seems to have had the more to suffer. The king
appears to have induced the pope to suspend him from the exercise of his
episcopal functions, and to keep the kingdom under a kind of interdict for a
period of six years. Till the hour of his death (822), greed of gold caused Cenulf to
continue his persecution of the archbishop. It also caused him to persecute the
monastery of Abingdon, and it was not until he had received from its abbot a
large sum of money that, acting, as he declared, at the request of "the lord
Apostolic and most glorious Pope Leo", he decreed the inviolability of the
monastery.
During the pontificate of Leo, the Church of Constantinople was in a state of
unrest. The monks, who at this period were flourishing under the guidance of
such men as St. Theodore the Studite, were suspicious of what they conceived
to be the lax principles of their patriarch Tarasius, and were in vigorous
opposition to the evil conduct of their emperor Constantine VI. To be free to marry
Theodota, their sovereign had divorced his wife Maria. Though Tarasius
condemned the conduct of Constantine, still, to avoid greater evils, he refused, to
the profound disgust of the monks, to excommunicate him. For their
condemnation of his new marriage Constantine punished the monks with
imprisonment and exile. In their distress the monks turned for help to Leo, as
they did when they were maltreated for opposing the arbitrary reinstatement of
the priest whom Tarasius had degraded for marrying Constantine to Theodota.
The pope replied, not merely with words of praise and encouragement, but also
by the dispatch of rich presents; and, after Michael I came to the Byzantine
throne, he ratified the treaty between him and Charlemagne which was to secure
peace for East and West.
Not only in the last mentioned transaction, but in all matters of importance, did
the pope and the Frankish emperor act in concert. It was on Charlemagne's
advice that, to ward off the savage raids of the Saracens, Leo maintained a fleet,
and caused his coast line to be regularly patrolled by his ships of war. But
because he did not feel competent to keep the Moslem pirates out of Corsica, he
entrusted the guarding of it to the emperor. Supported by Charlemagne, he was
able to recover some of the patrimonies of the Roman Church in the
neighbourhood of Gaeta, and again to administer them through his rectors. But
when the great emperor died (28 Jan., 814), evil times once more broke on Leo.
Af fresh conspiracy was formed against him, but on this occasion the pope was
apprised of it before it came to a head. He caused the chief conspirators to be
seized and executed. No sooner had this plot been crushed than a number of
nobles of the Campagna rose in arms and plundered the country. They were
preparing to march on Rome itself, when they were overpowered by the Duke of
Spoleto, acting under the orders of the King of Italy (Langobardia). The large
sums of money which Charlemagne gave to the papal treasury enabled Leo to
become an efficient helper of the poor and a patron of art, and to renovate the
churches, not only of Rome, but even of Ravenna. He employed the imperishable
art of mosaic not merely to portray the political relationship between
Charlemagne and himself, but chiefly to decorate the churches, especially his
titular church of St. Susanna. Up to the end of the sixteenth century a figure of
Leo in mosaic was to be seen in that ancient church.
Leo III was buried in St. Peter's (12 June, 816), where his relics are to be found
along with those of Sts. Leo I, Leo II, and Leo IV. He was canonized in 1673. The
silver denarii of Leo III still extant bear the name of the Frankish emperor upon
them as well as that of Leo, showing thereby the emperor as the protector of the
Church, and overlord of the city of Rome.
Liber Pontificalis, ed. DUCHESNE, II (Paris, 1892), 1 sqq.; Codex Carolinus, ed. JAFFÉ (Berlin,
1867); Annales Einhardi (so called) and other Chronicles, in Mon. Germ.: Script., I; Carmen de
Carolo Magno, in P.L., XCVIII. Cf. BRYCE, The Holy Roman Empire (London, 1889A);
KLEINKLAUSZ, L'Empire Carolingien (Paris, 1902); HODGKIN, Italy and her Invaders, VIII (Oxford,
1899); BÖHMER, Regesta Imperii, ed. MÜHLBACHER, I (Innsbruck, 1908); MANN, The Lives of the
Popes in the Early Middle Ages, II (London, 1906), 1 sqq.
HORACE K. MANN
Transcribed by WGKofron
With thanks to St. Mary's Church, Akron, Ohio
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX
Copyright © 1910 by Robert Appleton Company
Online Edition Copyright © 1999 by Kevin Knight
Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor
Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York